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Will Spain Become a Republic Again

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Political position and movement

Allegory of the First Spanish Democracy (1873)

Republicanism in Spain is a political position and movement that holds that Spain should exist a commonwealth.

In that location has existed in Spain a persistent trend of republican idea, especially throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, that has manifested itself in various political parties and movements over the unabridged course of the history of Spain. While these movements have shared the objective of establishing a republic, during these 3 centuries there have surged distinct schools of idea on the form republicans would want to requite to the Spanish State: unitary or federal.

Despite the country's long-lasting schools of republican movements, the government of Spain has been organized every bit a republic during only two brusque periods in its history, which totaled 9 years and viii months of republican government. The First Spanish Republic lasted from February 1873 to December 1874, and the 2d Spanish Republic lasted from Apr 1931 to April 1939.

Under the monarchical regime currently in strength in Kingdom of spain, there are movements and political parties throughout the entire political spectrum that advocate for a Third Spanish Democracy. Despite enjoying a wider support within the left wing political military camp, there are also liberal, right-wing, Conservative and nationalist parties espousing republican stances.

History [edit]

Origins, the Starting time Republic, and the Bourbon Restoration [edit]

The roots of Spanish republicanism arose out of liberal thought in the wake of the French Revolution. The showtime manifestations of republicanism occurred during the Peninsular War, in which Spain and nearby regions fought for independence from Napoleon, 1808–1814. During the reign of Ferdinand Vii (1813–1833) in that location were several liberalist military machine pronunciamientos, but it was not until the reign of Isabella Two (1833–1868) that the first clearly republican and anti-monarchist movements appeared.

Announcement of the Commencement Republic by the National Assembly

Federalist republicanism, emerged in the 1850s and 1860s, had a key figure in the person of Roque Barcia Martí [es].[1]

The Glorious Revolution of 1868 overthrew Isabella Two, but the Cortes (Spanish parliament) elected in 1869 resulted in a majority of legislators belonging to the coalition betwixt progressives, liberals and "cimbrian" democrats  [es] in favour of a liberal constitutional monarchy. A search for a new monarch amidst several European royal courts ensued and the Italian prince Amadeo I of Savoy was chosen. But Spain was in a period of profound instability: Legitimist monarchist Carlists (reactionaries and staunch defenders of the Ancien régime) had launched another war confronting the country's progressive direction; in that location was colonial unrest in Castilian Cuba via the 10 Years' War; and the moderate-liberal monarchy was met with stiff opposition from all sides, by republicans to its left, and from its right by a big function of the aristocracy and the Catholic Church; thus King Amadeo abdicated on eleven February 1873.

On that same day in 1873, the Cortes proclaimed the First Spanish Republic.

However, the Republic fell victim to the same instabilities provoked by the ongoing wars and the division amongst republicans. The majority of republicans were Federalists, and they therefore supported the germination of a federal democratic republic, but there was also a unitary republican current. Moreover, within the Federalists there was an intransigent pro-confederation sector that was infuriated and later on quashed by the Cantonal Revolution of 1873. The complicated political situation is demonstrated by the fact that in just eleven months there were four presidents of the Republic: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón and Emilio Castelar.

On iii January 1874, General Manuel Pavía led a putsch [es] that established a unitary republican dictatorship presided by Marshal Francisco Serrano. The regime was followed past a pronunciamiento on 29 December 1874 in Sagunto, in which Brigadier General Arsenio Martínez Campos proclaimed the need to restore the monarchy. Post-obit the acceptance of the coup by the Captain General of Madrid, Fernando Primo de Rivera, a new government led past Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was formed putting and end to the Republic, bringing the and then-called Restoration and the ascension of Alfonso XII (son of Isabella 2) to the throne.

Francisco Pi y Margall, leader of the federal republicans who vouched for a "pactist federal republic, the incorporation of the masses to politics and social reform".[ii]

Afterwards being banished from the institutions, republicanism underwent a heap of troubles, with differences of approach becoming apparent between those followers of Pimargallian "pactist" federalism and those ready to bound into Castelar's possibilism in regard of the new conservative regime.[three] Castelar led the Partido Demócrata—later on the Partido Demócrata Posibilista (PDP) and Cristino Martos the Partido Progresista Demócrata. Nevertheless, these parties, immersed in a system of unequal censitary suffrage betwixt 1878 and 1890, were unable to compete with the large dynastic parties: the Liberal-Conservative Party of Cánovas del Castillo and Liberal–Fusionist Party of Sagasta. Later on Pi y Margall formed the Partido Republicano Democrático Federal (PRDF), Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla and José María Esquerdo created the Partido Republicano Progresista (PRP), and Nicolás Salmerón established the Partido Republicano Centralista (PRC). These parties contributed a various set of independent republican deputies to the Spanish parliament.

Republican meeting in the Frontón Fundamental, with Blasco Ibáñez gesticulating before the masses.

Factions of the PDP and the PRP branched off and fused to form the Partido Republicano Nacional. In 1898 the Fusión Republicana was formed, and in 1903 the creation of the Republican Union Party attempted to correspond and fuse all streams of republican idea. All the same, two parties split from the Republican Union: Alejandro Lerroux's Partido Republicano Radical and Vicente Blasco's Partido de Unión Republicana Autonomista. In that time the Catalan Centre Nacionalista Republicà (CNR) appeared. Following the acts of "Tragic Calendar week" in Barcelona in 1909, republican parties and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ("PSOE" in Spanish) joined together to form the Conjunción Republicano-Socialista, at the aforementioned time as the Catalan sectors of the Republican Matrimony, the CNR, and the PRDF formed the Republican Nationalist Federal Union. Later Melquíades Álvarez dissever from the Conjunción Republicano-Socialista to course the Reformist Political party.

Primo de Rivera, the 2nd Republic, and Francoist Espana [edit]

Later 1917, the Restoration authorities entered a state of crunch, which finally resulted in the insurrection d'état of Miguel Primo de Rivera, Captain-General of Catalonia. Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship with the approving of the King Alfonso XIII. But the crisis of this dictatorship lead to the resignation of Primo de Rivera in 1930 and fabricated the fall of the monarchy inevitable. The bulk of Republican forces convened in Baronial 1930 and reached an understanding, the Pact of San Sebastián, delimiting a common strategy to bring the democracy, besides conforming a revolutionary committee. On xiv April 1931, two days after a circular of municipal elections (understood every bit a plebiscite on monarchy) in which republicans won a landslide victory, Alfonso 13 fled the country, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed and a provisional regime presided by Niceto Alcalá Zamora was formed.

The Second Republic adopted the form of a unitary republic, allowing a group of provinces to form self-governing regions, a provision availed of to course the regions of Catalonia and the Basque Land. Its first President of the Democracy (head of land) was Niceto Alcalá Zamora, of the liberal-Catholic Liberal Republican Right political party.

Allegory of the Second Democracy

After the victory of the socialist and left-republican coalition in the June 1931 elections, Manuel Azaña, of Republican Action (later the Republican Left) was elected president of the Council of Ministers (premier). Azaña's authorities attempted to pass many reforms, such every bit the Agrarian Reform Law, and is consequently known every bit the Bienio Reformista ("Two Reformist Years"). 1931 as well saw the introduction of truly universal suffrage, for the first time in Spanish history: previously restricted to men, the right to vote was now extended to women.

The Republic soon had to face up the political polarization of the era, at the same time that totalitarian dictatorships were ascension in power in Europe. The political instability of the time can be seen past the fact that, in 1932, there had already been a failed coup led past General José Sanjurjo.

The full general elections of 1933 saw the emergence of José María Gil-Robles's Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas, an umbrella organization of various conservative and Catholic-nationalist parties. The CEDA emerged as the largest unmarried parliamentary group, but lacked a majority of its ain. As a result, Alcalá Zamora opted to engage a cabinet made up of various eye-correct radical and liberal parties led by Alejandro Lerroux. This cabinet too suffered from too narrow a majority, and Lerroux was somewhen obliged to extend its back up by including several CEDA ministers.

The inclusion of the CEDA, considered to be insincere in its support for the existing regime, was the trigger for the incidents of October 1934. Various initiatives were launched, ranging from a declaration of federal autonomy by Lluís Companys, head of the government of the Catalan region, designed to limit the CEDA's ability to arbitrate in the region; a full general strike by the socialist movement, designed to dissuade Alcala and Lerroux from including the CEDA ministers; and a worker uprising in the northern region of Asturias that united the local branches of the socialist movement to those of the Communist Party of Spain and the syndicalist National Confederation of Labour.

The trigger-happy repression of the Ascension, especially in Asturias, the suppression of Catalan dwelling house rule, and the arrest of numerous prominent political figures who had been uninvolved in the unrest, motived the germination of the Spanish Pop Forepart. This included the socialist move (the PSOE and UGT), the communist PCE and POUM parties, and the left-republican parties Republican Left, the Republican Wedlock and Catalan Republican Left, too equally several minor political parties.

The Popular Front emerged victorious in the legislative elections of 1936, forming a government of republican parties and elevating Manuel Azaña as caput of state.

On 17 July 1936, in that location was a war machine uprising that failed to seize control of government but which, by taking control of much of Spanish Kingdom of morocco, provoked the outbreak of the Spanish Ceremonious War. While the republican regime was abandoned past the other European democracies and only received armed forces support from the Soviet Union, the nationalist rebels were supported by Nazi Frg and fascist Italia, whose back up was pivotal in the final victory of the nationalist uprising. The triumphant Nationalist faction established the Spanish Land that lasted until Francisco Franco'due south death and the subsequent Spanish transition to democracy. Emilio Mola, leader of the uprising confronting the 2d Republic, attempted to constitute a "republican dictatorship,"[4] just in 1947 Franco declared his authoritarian reign as a regency for the monarchy, naming Juan Carlos de Borbón, grandson of the ousted Alfonso Thirteen, as his successor and the next king in 1969. Juan Carlos ascended to the throne upon the Caudillo'southward death in 1975.

Exile and Holocaust [edit]

A Spanish Republican government in exile was established in Paris in April 1939. Thousands of Republicans fled the country to France too. Many of them were captured after France was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940; some 7,000 died in concentration camps, especially Mauthausen-Gusen, during the Holocaust.[5] The Republican government in exile moved to Mexico Metropolis in 1940, returning to Paris in 1946.

Transition to democracy [edit]

The anti-Francoist opposition failed in their attempts to bring well-nigh Francoist Spain's downfall, and subsequently his death they started a process of negotiation with the authorities that led to the Spanish transition to democracy. In 1977, after the first democratic general elections since the 1930s, the Castilian Republican government-in-exile, maintained since their defeat in the Civil War, dissolved itself and officially recognized the mail-Francoist commonwealth.[6] Kingdom of spain established a constitution with autonomous parliamentary monarchy as the form of government. The constitution was supported past UCD, PSOE, PCE, AP, PDPC and UDC-CCC. During the drafting of the constitution, UCD, AP and PCE supported the monarchy equally the form of regime. PSOE abstained on that bespeak and supported an subpoena to establish a republic.[7] Nevertheless, in the 80s, the Communist Party (PCE) and its coalition the United Left resumed advocating for a Third Castilian Republic. In that location are also other regional parties advocating republicanism.

In 2022 an unpublished interview with the sometime president Adolfo Suarez in 1995 came to light, where he confesses that he included the discussion king and monarchy in the 1977 Political Reform Law so as non to have to consult the result of the monarchy to the denizens, as polls told him he would lose. [8]

In 2018, the Catalan parliament passed a move condemning male monarch Felipe VI for his office in the Catalan crisis and demanding the abolitionism of the monarchy.[9] [x]

Public stance [edit]

Spain's government-run Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ("CIS", Sociological Inquiry Centre) has not conducted any surveys in which respondents were asked their preference of the system of government, monarchy or republic. Yet, the CIS has published surveys on the "value" respondents place on the monarchy, and the agency has occasionally published questions regarding the current monarch, observing a progressive decline in back up for the monarchy.[11] In fact, although the monarchy has unremarkably been one of the most valued institutions, studies have shown that the monarchy has experienced serious loss in public confidence, more any other government institution, especially amid youths aged 18 to 24, who take expressed negative opinions about it repeatedly in CIS studies since 2006.[12] [thirteen] For the first time ever in 2011, a majority of the population said they did non support the current monarchy.[xiv] All the same, the CIS ceased surveying views of the monarchy later on April 2015, when poll respondents gave it an average rating of 4.34 out of 10.[fifteen] [xvi] A study published on 24 June 2004, even yield a consequence of 55% of Spaniards like-minded ("más bien de acuerdo") with the statement that "the Monarchy has overstayed its welcome."[17] [note one] In 2016, it was revealed that during a 1995 interview, Adolfo Suárez had confessed that he included the word 'King' in the 1977 Political Reform Human action in order to avert a referendum on republic, as secret surveys reportedly deputed past the Land did not evangelize a favorable results for the monarchist option dorsum at the time.[xviii] Castilian newspapers too sporadically publish surveys and stance polls with questions related to the monarchy and of the survey respondents political affiliation as monarchists or republican, amongst other options, with results generably in favor of the monarchy until the year 2013:

Fieldwork date Polling firm Republican Monarchist Indifferent/
No stance
29 Ene–4 Feb 2022 Electomania 51.7% 44.3% four%
23–24 Nov 2021 SW Demoscopia 43.8% 56.2% –
11–xv Oct 2021 Invymark 45.8% 44.3% 9.ix%
24 Sep–4 Oct 2021 40dB 39.iv% 31.0% 29.half dozen%
27 Aug–3 Sep 2021 Electomania 48.0% 49.9% 2.ane%
16–22 Jul 2021 GAD3 36.9% 55.3% vii.viii%
sixteen–18 Jun 2021 NC Report 38.ix% 53.7% vii.4%
14 Apr 2021 Electomania 46.8% 49.4% 3.9%
5 October 2020 40dB xl.9% 34.9% 24.2%
14 Sep 2020 Electomania 47.6% 48% iv.3%
16 Aug 2020 GAD3 33.5% 56.3% 10.i%
10 Aug 2020 Sigma Dos 38.5% 48.iv% 13.2%
six–viii Aug 2020 NC Report 38.5% 54.8% 6.seven%
four–5 Aug 2020 Sociometrica twoscore.viii% 54.nine% 4.3%
three Aug 2020 Electomania 55.five% 39.4% 5.1%
21–24 Jul 2020 NC Report 31.5% 58.3% 10.2%
9–10 Jul 2020 Electomania 53.i% 44.4% 2.6%
6–ten Jul 2020 Invymark 39.0% 31.2% 29.3%
6–10 Jul 2020 SocioMétrica 49.iii% 48.9% 1.8%
17–19 Jun 2020 Electomania 47.six% 48.iv% 4.0%
28 April–four May 2020 Sináptica 51.6% 34.6% xiii.viii%
8–12 Apr 2020 Electomania 47.0% 47.five% 5.4%
28 May–3 Jun 2019 IMOP Insights 46.1% 50.viii% three.1%
22 Dec–five January 2019 SocioMétrica 41.9% 43.one% fifteen.0%
ii–5 Nov 2018 YouGov 48% 35% 17%
10 October 2018 Electomania 45.6% 48.1% vi.3%
Sep 2018 Podemos 46.0% 26.8% 27.2%
25 Jul 2018 Electomania 47.iv% 49.9% 2.7%
23 Mar–6 April 2018 Ipsos 37% 24% forty%
ix–11 Jun 2015 Sigma Dos 33.seven% 61.5% four.8%
23 Jun 2014 NC Report 28.3% 57.vi% xiv.0%
7 Jun 2014 TNS Demoscopia 35.five% 60.0% 4.five%
4–five Jun 2014 Metroscopia 36% 49% fifteen%
3–v Jun 2014 Sigma Dos 35.6% 55.7% viii.6%
2 Jun 2014 Invymark 36.three% 53.i% 10.vi%
28–31 Dec 2013 Sigma Dos 43.3% 49.ix% vi.eight%
xiv Apr 2013 NC Report ? 63.v% ?
21–28 Dec 2012 Sigma Dos 41.0% 53.8% 5.2%
23 Apr 2012 Invymark 34.0 57.9% 8.1%
22 April 2012 NC Written report 35.5% 48.5% 15.9%
27–29 Dec 2011 Sigma Dos 33% 60% 7%
14–15 Dec 2011 Metroscopia 37% 49% 14%
12 Dec 2011 Invymark 37.0% 59.3% 3.7%
twenty Jun 2011 Invymark 36.viii% 42.1% 21.one%
14 Apr 2011 Metroscopia 39% 48% 10%
2–4 Nov 2010 Metroscopia 35% 57% 8%
31 October 2010 ASEP 26% 57% 17%
vi Dec 2009 Metroscopia 25% 66% 9%
15 Aug 2008 Sigma Dos 16.ii% 22.7%[a] 57.9%
v Jan 2008 Sigma Dos 12.viii% 43.1% [c] 39.9%
6 Oct 2007 GESOP 24.8% 50.6% 24.6%
4–5 Oct 2007 Metroscopia 22% 69% 9%[nineteen]
28 Sep 2006 Opina 25% 65% 10%
20 Nov 2005 Sigma Dos 23.5% 38.0% 38.5%
twenty November 2000 Sigma Dos xv.9% 43.0% 41.1%
1998 Metroscopia xi% 72% 17%
1997 Metroscopia xv% 65% 20%
Nov 1996 Metroscopia 13% 66% 21%
thirty Sep–2 Oct 1996 Opina 15.9%[d] 46.nine% [e] 37.2%

2006 sit-in in Madrid calling for the Third Spanish Republic

After 2005, surveys have measured a larger support for republicanism amid Spanish youth, with more than 18- to 29-year-olds identifying themselves as republicans than those identifying every bit monarchists, according to El Mundo.[xx] Despite this, some surveys testify the public in favour of the monarchy, and according to an August 2008 El Mundo poll, 47.nine% of Spaniards would take liked to democratically elect King Juan Carlos, and 42.three% of respondents thought that the succession of his heir Prince Felipe should be put to a referendum.[21] According to the newspaper Público'due south "Publicscopio" section in Dec 2009, 61% survey respondents were in favour of amending the Castilian Constitution to allow the Spanish people to decide betwixt a monarchy and a republic,[22] a number that increased by 3% compared to the data collected the twelvemonth before by the aforementioned newspaper.[23] According to a 2012 survey by Gallup, 54% of Spaniards were in favor of a referendum to cull the form of government (monarchy or republic), and back up was e'er found to be even college when surveying younger historic period groups (support was 73.1% amidst eighteen- to 24-twelvemonth-olds, but only 34.5% for those to a higher place 65 years). Back up for such a referendum is also higher amid the more educated groups of the population, voters in left-fly political parties, and betwixt members of the upper and upper-middle classes. In 2013, as a result of the allegation of Princess Cristina in the Nóos scandal, republican support has begun to increase greater than ever before.

When Juan Carlos appear his abdication on ii June 2014, thousands of protesters took to the squares of several Spanish towns and cities demanding a referendum on whether the monarchy should continue.[24] Subsequent surveys showed that the abdication improved the prototype of the Crown thank you to a positive paradigm of the new rex, Felipe Half dozen, but since then, support for the monarchy has dropped to a technical tie between its supporters and supporters of the commonwealth, according to surveys in recent years, therefore becoming the European country with the highest percentage of detractors of the current monarchical country model. [25] [26] [27]

Political party positions [edit]

  • The Spanish Socialist Workers' Political party (PSOE) is the principal centre-left Spanish political party and the ane that has spent the most years in government since the Transition (1982–1996, 2004–2011, 2018–present). Since the approval of the Constitution, the party maintains a position of limited intervention in the republic-vs.-monarchy fence, providing some support to the monarchy while at the same time many grassroot members self-identify as republican. In recent years the monarchy and its role accept been praised by the PSOE.[28] [29] [30] Nevertheless, the youth wing of the PSOE, the Socialist Youth of Kingdom of spain (JSE), openly advocates for the establishment of a republic,[31] and in its resolutions of the 37th Congress (2004–2008), the PSOE declared itself in support of a "borough republicanism".[32] The mentions of republicanism disappeared in the resolutions of the 38th Congress due to internal conflict over this position. Current social-democratic leader and Prime Minister, Pedro Sánchez, who identifies himself as republican,[33] has asserted more than once that "The PSOE is a republican party, simply constitutional"[34] and "Nosotros Republicans experience very well represented in this parliamentary monarchy that we take".[35] In the 39th PSOE Congress, Pedro Sanchez's team negotiated for the withdrawal of an amendment from the Socialist Youth that demanded "implanting the democracy every bit a model of the State through a constitutional reform and the convening of a referendum". The amendment was withdrawn and the resolution finally stated that "PSOE has its ain conception of the State model and the course of regime towards which it wants to advance, strengthening republican values and promoting a federal model".[36]

IU politicians heading a march during the 14 April 2022 republican sit-in in Madrid.

  • The conservative People's Party (PP) strongly supports the monarchy.[37]
  • The far-right political party Vocalisation supports the monarchy. Nevertheless, its leader Santiago Abascal has defended that "Spain, its sovereignty and its unity are to a higher place the Monarchy, the Republic, the Constitution and Democracy", suggesting a conditional support to the Crown.[38]
  • Unidas Podemos is a left-wing to far-left balloter alliance formed by Podemos, United Left (IU) and other left-wing parties. It entered a coalition regime with the PSOE in 2020.
    • Podemos advocates to establish a republic[39] [40] [41] [42] property a plebiscite on whether or not to abolish the monarchy.[43] Current leader, Pablo Iglesias, said that he does not advocate irresolute to a presidential republic merely maintain parliamentary democracy.[44]
    • The United Left (IU) is a federation of left-wing parties and organizations dominated by the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). The IU states its mission is "to transform gradually the capitalist economical, social, and political system into a democratic socialist system, founded on the principles of justice, social equality, solidarity, respect of nature, and organized in conformity with a federal and republican "state of rights".[45] IU and the PCE advocate the establishment of a Third Spanish Republic.[46] [47]
  • The right-of-centre Citizens does not have a defined position vis-à-vis the form of authorities but the party has praised the monarchy and its part. Former leader, Albert Rivera, declared that he does not ascertain himself equally a monarchist.
  • Más País advocates to establish a "federal republic".[48]
  • Equo is a green eco-socialist party. Equo advocates for a "federal, secular, and republican country".[49]
  • Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Junts and CUP all abet to found a Catalan republic and are strongly against the present monarchy.

Constitutional process to establish a republic [edit]

Title 10 of the Spanish Constitution establishes that the blessing of a new constitution or the blessing of any constitutional amendment affecting the Preliminary Title, or Section I of Affiliate II of Championship I (on Central Rights and Public Liberties) or Title Ii (on the Crown), the so-called "protected provisions", are discipline to a special process[50] [51] that requires:

  1. that 2-thirds of each House corroborate the subpoena,
  2. that elections are chosen immediately thereafter,
  3. that two-thirds of each new House approves the subpoena, and
  4. that the amendment is approved past the people in a referendum.

Come across besides [edit]

  • History of Spain
  • Politics of Kingdom of spain
  • Republicanism
  • Spanish Monarchy
  • First Spanish Republic
  • Second Castilian Commonwealth
  • Spanish Civil War
  • Francoist Spain
  • Alliance of European Republican Movements

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Monarchist: 15.7%, Juancarlist: 7.0%
  2. ^ Juancarlism (variously written with and without the uppercase "J") is the support non of the institution of the monarchy itself, but rather for the previous monarch, King Juan Carlos I. There was no consensus amongst "Juancarlists" on what to exercise upon Juan Carlos'southward abdication or expiry, but some Juancarlists supported the abolition of the monarchy after Juan Carlos, while others believed that the ascension of the Rex'south heir, Prince Felipe should have been put to a plebiscite. Juan Carlos had a peculiarly strong following considering of his work in the Spanish transition to democracy from dictatorship in the 1970s, however polls showed that this back up was waning towards the cease of his reign.
  3. ^ Monarchist: 28.5%, Juancarlist:[b] 14.6%
  4. ^ Republican: 9.7%, More than republican than monarchist: 6.2%
  5. ^ Monarchist: 35.seven%, More than monarchist than republican: 11.two%
  1. ^ The argument "the Monarchy is something that has long overstayed its welcome", is roughly translated. The actually Castilian wording used is "la Monarquía es algo superado hace tiempo".

References [edit]

  1. ^ Higueras Castañeda 2016, p. 17.
  2. ^ Penche 2011, p. 156.
  3. ^ Suárez Cortina, Manuel (1998). "El republicanismo español tras la crisis de fin de siglo (1898-1914)". Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense. xx (20): 165. ISSN 0214-400X.
  4. ^ "Franco, Mola y Queipo de Llano, ante los tribunales – 17/10/08 – 808961 – EcoDiario" (in Castilian). 17 October 2008.
  5. ^ Throughway, David Wingeate. Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, the horror on the Danube; Editorial: Routledge Chapman & Hall ISBN 978-0-415-22780-three. London, 2000.
  6. ^ "Izquierda Republicana" (PDF) (in Castilian).
  7. ^ The parliamentary monarchy, approved with the avoidance of the socialists, El País 12 May 1978
  8. ^ eldiario.es (xviii November 2016). "Adolfo Suárez no sometió a referéndum la monarquía porque las encuestas le dijeron que perdería". eldiario.es (in Castilian). Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  9. ^ Terol, Alan Ruiz. "Espana threatens 'legal measures' after Catalan parliament rejects monarchy". www.catalannews.com.
  10. ^ "Argumentos contra la monarquía". fifteen April 2012.
  11. ^ "Escolar.cyberspace:La monarquía se desgasta en España" (in Spanish).
  12. ^ "Público" (PDF) (in Spanish). [ permanent dead link ]
  13. ^ "El Confidencial" (in Spanish).
  14. ^ One thousand, F. (27 Oct 2011). "El País" (in Spanish).
  15. ^ "Spain asks:Is monarchy right for us?". dw.com. 10 Dec 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Monarchy or Republic? Castilian king questioned as universities hold symbolic votes". Catalan News Agency. four Dec 2018. Retrieved two April 2019.
  17. ^ "Más de la mitad de los españoles dice que la Monarquía es algo "superado desde hace tiempo" / EL MUNDO" (in Spanish).
  18. ^ "Adolfo Suárez no sometió a referéndum la monarquía porque las encuestas le dijeron que perdería". eldiario.es. xviii November 2016.
  19. ^ País, Ediciones El (18 December 2011). "Intención de voto". El País – via elpais.com.
  20. ^ "Los españoles dan un notable a la Monarquía pero un 38% de jóvenes prefiere la República / EL MUNDO" (in Spanish).
  21. ^ "'Indiferentes' dues la Corona o la República / EL MUNDO" (in Castilian).
  22. ^ "Público.es – La reforma de la Constitución gana adeptos en el último año" (in Spanish).
  23. ^ "Público.es – Dos ideas de España frente a la Constitución" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.
  24. ^ "Spanish cabinet to discuss King Juan Carlos's abdication". BBC News. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  25. ^ "empate técnico entre monárquicos y republicanos".
  26. ^ "España sigue siendo monárquica gracias a los andaluces y a pesar de catalanes y vascos". El Confidencial (in Castilian). nineteen June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  27. ^ "#ElectoPanel Octubre:los españoles suspenden a la Monarquía. – Electomanía" (in Spanish). Retrieved fifteen April 2020.
  28. ^ "Rodríguez Zapatero y Rajoy elogian el 'digno' papel de la monarquía y reiteran su 'lealtad' a la Corona – EL MUNDO" (in Spanish).
  29. ^ "Zapatero defiende el "cumplimiento ejemplar del papel constitucional" de Doña Sofía / EL MUNDO" (in Castilian).
  30. ^ "BLANCO: 'Los alcaldes socialistas que incumplen la Ley de Banderas son una minoría, saben que deben cumplirla y lo harán' – PSOE" (in Castilian).
  31. ^ "Juventudes Socialistas reivindica "avanzar hacia la Tercera República" con motivo del 14 de Abril. | Juventudes Socialistas de España".
  32. ^ PSOE Resolutiones for the 37th Congress of Deputies (2004–2008). Page 101 says: "Para los socialistas, la defensa y la regulación de derechos arranca de la thought misma del republicanismo cívico que propugnamos."
  33. ^ Pedro Sánchez: "I'one thousand a Republican", Onda Cero 15 Apr 2016
  34. ^ Pedro Sánchez: "The PSOE is republican, only constitutional", RTVE iv June 2014
  35. ^ Sánchez: "We Republicans feel very well represented in this parliamentary Monarchy", ABC 15 June 2016
  36. ^ Pedro Sánchez restrains an initiative of his Youth that asked to plant the Democracy, eldiario.es 18 June 2017
  37. ^ Press, Europa (16 July 2018). "Casado defiende la Monarquía y rechaza una comisión de investigación para analizar las revelaciones de Corinna". www.europapress.es.
  38. ^ Casals, Xavier (thirteen September 2019). "Vox, Podemos y Ciudadanos: tres miradas a la Transición". El Periódico.
  39. ^ "Unidas Podemos tiñe su campaña de republicanismo". Leonoticias (in Spanish). 13 April 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  40. ^ "El republicanismo como nuevo eje político de Podemos". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 31 December 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  41. ^ Iglesias continues his offensive against the King: "Nobody has chosen him, less protocol and more Republic", El Español 14 October 2018
  42. ^ Iglesias: "Patriotism is called Republic", El Periódico 14 October 2018
  43. ^ Podemos to offer referendum on Spanish monarchy. Newsweek. Published 22 December 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  44. ^ "Iglesias: "Estamos más cerca" de unas elecciones anticipadas". RTVE.es. 5 November 2018.
  45. ^ "Izquierda Unida" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on June nine, 2013.
  46. ^ "Izquierda Unida" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on Dec 20, 2009.
  47. ^ "Público.es – Lara y Anguita encabezan la lucha por la III República" (in Spanish).
  48. ^ "Más País apuesta por una república federal como nuevo modelo para España" (in Spanish). 22 October 2019.
  49. ^ "Equo website" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November five, 2014.
  50. ^ Article 168 states:
    1. If a total revision of the Constitution is proposed, or a fractional revision thereof, affecting the Preliminary Role, Chapter II, Division 1 of Role I; or Part II, the principle of the proposed reform shall be approved by a two-thirds majority of the members of each House, and the Cortes Generales shall immediately exist dissolved.
    2. The Houses elected thereupon must ratify the decision and proceed to examine the new ramble text, which must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the members of each Business firm.
    iii. Once the amendment has been passed by the Cortes Generales, it shall be submitted to ratification by referendum.
  51. ^ The steps to hold a referendum on the republic, El Mundo 27 June 2014

Bibliography [edit]

  • Higueras Castañeda, Eduardo (2016). "Presentación del dossier". Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (28): fifteen–22. doi:10.5944/etfv.28.2016. ISSN 1130-0124.
  • Penche, Jon (2011). "Republicanismo en España y Portugal (1876-1890/91): una perspectiva comparada". Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Historia. i (one): 155–170. ISSN 0871-164X.

External links [edit]

  • Red Inter Civico Republicana, a Spanish republican movement.
  • Brotherhood of European Republican Movements, the umbrella organisation of the RICP.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain

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